In-Depth History, Transmission, and Timeline of the Enneagram

History, Evolution, and Timeline of the Enneagram, Types, Tritypes®, Instincts and Subtypes

Note from Katherine: A student of many teachings
Katherine had the good fortune of learning directly from the first Enneagram teachers and authors, including Oscar Ichazo and Claudio Naranjo. She certified with The Narrative Tradition, Helen Palmer-David Daniels, Don Riso-Russ Hudson, and Kathleen Hurley-Ted Dobson (later Theodorre Donson) and knows their work at a master level. In addition, She has conducted 22 completed research studies with tens of thousands of international participants, thousands of qualitative interviews, and In-depth Inquiry Coaching Sessions.

Katherine has stated, that she was forever changed by having had the opportunity to meet and study with such amazing people and teachers.

Expanded View of the Types
As a result of what she learned from them, she developed a more expanded, integrated view of the types; a much more focused way of seeing what causes the types to suffer and what supports them in releasing rigid beliefs, negative emotions, and habitual behaviors.

She has also stated that she now has a more detailed map as to what triggers the defense strategies and coping mechanisms of the Enneagram Types, Tritypes®, and Instinctual Types and Subtypes. She feels that the types themselves have taught her what is needed to quickly and radically help them to see, know, and feel for themselves the specific patterns and associations that can keep them mired in unnecessary suffering.

As Katherine has stated, she now realizes more and more that these divides are becoming larger and that many people are unaware of what came when and from whom, and why... and, more importantly, how each of these missing pieces of information can help us to more fully love, understand, forgive, guide, and work with those we know as well as those we will encounter in the future.

This in no way negates the wonderful work that Enneagram teachers are adding and providing. Each training and/or intensive taught aspects of the Enneagram that were unknown to other teachers. Many of these nuances of the of the types modified her understanding of the "internal world" of the types; leading to a more compassionate understanding of all the Enneagram Types.

The Enneagram of Personality
The Enneagram of Personality, as we know it today, was introduced by a Bolivian mystic and integral philosopher, Oscar Ichazo, in 1970. The history and transmission of the Enneagram of Personality is non-linear and is characterized by its subsequent complex and multifaceted teachings. This process was not without its challenges, as individuals often interpreted and applied the teachings they learned in ways that might deviate from their original intent, which introduced some inaccuracies and misconceptions along the way.

Evolution Ancient Philosophers
Ever since the Ancient Greeks circa 600 BC; scholars, philosophers, artists, and intellectuals have been interested in typologies and systems that could explain personality traits and “why people do what they do.”

Throughout history, men have fought wars with their neighbors for resources, influence of power, or self-emancipation. But with the advent of industrial mechanized warfare, these ‘localized’ “blood feuds” eventually expanded and culminated in global-wide World Wars I and II.

Post WWII
After World War II, the subsequent war crime trials in Nuremberg in Germany and in Tokyo in Japan revealed to the wider public the sheer scale of the brutal atrocities committed by the Nazis and Imperial Japan. This caused world leaders to reflect on how such atrocities could happen and what was needed to prevent it from happening in the future.

In the aftermath of World War II, a combination of sociologists, psychologists, economists, political scientists, and other intellectuals formed think tanks and contributed to the understanding that social issues are influenced by psychological factors and socio-economic conditions. This realization emerged progressively through research and interdisciplinary collaboration during the mid-20th century.

1960s
Fast-forward to the 1960s, when colleges and universities began to research the psychological components of social problems, forever changing the singular belief that personality traits were solely due to genetics, which was the prevailing thought at the time.

Psychological research studies questioned this premise, especially with twin studies; fraternal twins, identical twins and super twins in 1960s which suggested that environment and nurture played a more essential role in shaping personality.

In the mid-to-late 1960s, babies born during the war, the post-war baby boomers, came of age. They had enough socio-economic security and leisure time to contemplate the meaning of life and novel scientific thinking. As a result, they responded to the question: “Who am I?” This search for a spiritual and meaningful world led to significant social change, evolving into a self-help industry that promoted the idea of a newer, better you.

Personality studies, particularly from Ohio State University, Harvard, and Berkeley in the 1960s laid foundational work for our understanding of personality, emphasizing both the role of innate traits and the influence of environmental factors. Claudio Naranjo was involved in all of these studies in the 1960s and also in later studies at UC Santa Cruz and the Couples Institute in Palo Alto, CA.

1970s
Since the 1970s, the Enneagram of Personality has continued to grow and evolve, attracting practitioners and scholars from diverse backgrounds and disciplines. This ongoing dialogue and exchange of ideas have contributed to the richness and complexity of the Enneagram community.

1980s
Enneagram expands to include diverse teachings and the first Books

1990s
The Enneagram is taught in Business, County Jails, Private Schools, Therapy, Universities, and Churches.

2020s
By 2020, during the global Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the Enneagram had grown exponentially and garnered widespread popularity on the internet. However, it has faced important challenges, including misinterpretations of teachings, incomplete transmissions from the original creators, and misunderstandings of its concepts. This highlights the importance of critical inquiry and responsible practice within the Enneagram community.

Detailed Enneagram Timeline

A timeline is presented here to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the four transmissions of the Enneagram of Personality. It aims to shed light on the Enneagram’s pivotal events and teachings, what was happening historically, how they impacted the way it was taught, and shaped the Enneagram community.

Evolution of the Enneagram, Historical Influences, Social Changes
For those interested: Katherine has included historical events on Oscar Ichazo, Claudio Naranjo, and others to explain the backdrop in which the Enneagram emerged. She has also include what influenced her interest in the Enneagram and her dissemination of the 3Types, Tritype, Tricenter, Trigram, Instinctual Stackings, Instinctual Identifications, Instinctual Patterns. The key influences and teachings that shaped her approach are woven into the timeline. Katherine’s background, diverse life experiences, and innate interest in people and what makes them tick,’ led her to the Enneagram of Personality in 1985.

In Context
In this way, Katherine introduces the context for her ability to see patterns within patterns and why she naturally took an interest in typologies, especially the Enneagram. Understanding these traits requires a deep dive into the fundamental motivations, idealized images, core fears, and defense strategies that produce the characteristic patterns intrinsic to each type. To discover these key traits means to embark on a methodical and comprehensive exploration, often revisiting primary sources, engaging with diverse teachings, and critically examining one’s interpretations.

History of Oscar Ichazo's Enneagram of Personality
Oscar Ichazo (1970): Oscar Ichazo introduced the Enneagram of Personality, marking a significant point in its history. His work laid the foundation for the system as we know it today.

Complex and Multifaceted Teachings: The history and transmission of the Enneagram of Personality is nonlinear. Over time, many different practitioners, and scholars have contributed to its development, resulting in a rich and complex system.

Evolution of the Enneagram of Personality
As the Enneagram has grown in popularity, it has incorporated new concepts and ideas. This evolution was driven by research studies and an ongoing dialogue among its practitioners and scholars.

Challenges and Misinterpretations
As with any evolving system, the Enneagram has faced challenges. Some early teachings have been misunderstood or misinterpreted, leading to some inaccuracies and misconceptions. Additionally, some aspects of the original teachings have been lost over time due to different transmissions of the Enneagram. Critical Inquiry To understand the current state of the Enneagram, it is important to investigate the origins and transmission of its teachings. This includes examining who introduced certain concepts, when they were introduced, and why, to recognize how different transmissions emerged within the community.

Enneagram of Personality Oscar Ichazo
Oscar Ichazo created concepts in the Enneagram of Personality, marking a significant point in its history. His work laid the foundation for the system as we know it today.

1943 Ichazo's Early Focus
“In 1943, I inherited my grandfather’s library from my uncle Julio, who was a lawyer and a philosopher. It was in an ancient text (a medieval grimoire) about the Chaldean Seal (enneagram) where I first came across this diagram which, for the Chaldeans, was a magical figure. At the same time, I also found the Chaldean seal (enneagram) in the books of Ramon Llull, who gives the higher sense of the interrelation between the spheres. Here Llull is directly influenced by the Sufi theologists, Al-Ghazzali, Ibn Al’Arabi and even more by the great mystic Surawardi. There was also the work of Eliphas Levi, the father of the revival of Theosophy and Esoterism, his important book, The Book of Splendors, and his disciple, Papus (Dr. M. Gérard Encausse), who wrote about Llull’s metaphysical Machine of Thought and the esoteric tarot.” - Oscar Ichazo - Setting the Record Straight, Enneagram Monthly, Issue 21, November 1996.

1954
In a 1954 interview, Oscar Ichazo (July 24, 1931 - March 26, 2020), the father of Integral Philosophy, a spiritual teacher and philosopher, said that he had achieved insight into mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns. These processes can be understood in connection with the enneagram figure, law of one; the circle, law of 3 and law of 7 and what he called “Trialectical Logic,” which analyzes reality based on cycles. He also used the term Trialectics, referring to patterns of three.

Trialectics®
Oscar Ichazo, popularised his view of Trialectics as a new form of logic that seeks to transcend the limitations of traditional Formal Logic and Dialectical Logic. Understood in connection with the Enneagram figure, as a classical philosophy that analyzes reality scientifically on the basis of cycles, Protoanalysis® and the Enneagram of Personality. While Formal Logic operates on principles of binary opposition (true/false) and Dialectical Logic focuses on the resolution of contradictions through synthesis (thesis-antithesis-synthesis), Trialectic Logic introduces a third element that integrates and harmonizes the dynamic interplay of opposites, emphasizes the unity underlying diversity and change.

1956
In 1956, Oscar Ichazo began teaching groups in major cities in South America about his original philosophical theories and understanding of the human psyche through his theory of integral philosophy.

1959
Claudio Naranjo - Philosopher, Psychiatrist, Musician, and Composer completes medical studies.

1960
In 1960, Dr. Claudio Naranjo (November 24, 1932 - July 12, 2019), started his internship at the Chilean Institute for Psychoanalysis.

1960
The Sixties Human Potential Movement arises out of the Counter-Culture. During his research, writer George Leonard met Michael Murphy, a co-founder of the Esalen Institute (established in 1962 with Dick Price) in Big Sur, California; a hot bed or progressive intellectuals in the 1960s. Leonard and Murphy became close friends and together introduced the idea there should be an actual Human Potential Movement.

1960
Point of Interest:
Katherine begins studying Dell books on Typologies, and Chinese Faceology.

1961
In 1961, Dr. Claudio Naranjo is invited as a visiting scholar to Ohio State University - Perceptual Learning, Personality Research.

1961
Point of Interest:
Katherine studies Face Reading, Body Language, Dreams, Archetypes and Symbols etc.

1962
Human Potential Movement In 1962, Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, was formed to support alternative methods for exploring human consciousness. This exploration later became known as the Human Potential Movement.

1963
Fulbright Scholarship at Harvard Dr. Claudio Naranjo receives a Fulbright Scholarship at Harvard - Center for Studies of Personality; Social Psychology Seminar University of Illinois and became Dr. Cattell’s associate at IPAT, the Institute of Personality and Ability Testing.

Later, Claudio Naranjo was also invited to the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research (IPAR), at University of California, Berkeley.

1964
In 1964, The changing theories in psychology and sociology placed new emphasis on environmental factors, impacting social ideas around Nature vs Nurture.

Claudio Naranjo becomes a protégé of Fritz Perls, the German psychiatrist and father of “Gestalt therapy,” and, later, Claudio becomes one of three successors to Fritz Perls.

1965
In 1965, Claudio Naranjo received the Guggenheim scholarship at UC Berkeley to be a Research Associate within the IPAR.

1966
Point of Interest:
Claudio Naranjo returned to UC Berkeley and decided to make it his home.

During this period, UC Berkeley had become a hotbed of social and political change for various reasons. The counterculture movement, anti-war sentiment, and civil rights activism characterized the social climate of the time, greatly influencing the atmosphere at the university. The student body at UC Berkeley was renowned for its strong tradition of activism, and the campus served as a central location for organizing protests and demonstrations.

The progressive theories taught in the field of psychology at UC Berkeley during that period aligned with the social and political movements of the time. Students and faculty were exposed to ideas that challenged traditional perspectives, focusing on social justice, equality, and understanding the psychological roots of social problems.

1967
Point of Interest:
Claudio Naranjo greatly respects the qualitative research of Karen Horney and approach of Frits Pearls. Naranjo became one of three successors of Fritz Pearls.

1967
Katherine studies Karen Horney

1968
Oscar Ichazo began his Arica spiritual school in 1968 in Arica, Chile, with his South American group, whom he referred to as the Chilenos.

1969
In 1969, Ichazo gave public lectures on his theory of Protoanalysis® at the Institute of Applied Psychology in Santiago, Chile.

1969
Claudio Naranjo meets Oscar Ichazo
In Santiago, Chile, 1969, Claudio Naranjo attended one of Ichazo’s public lectures on his theory of Protoanalysis® at the Institute of Applied Psychology.

Ichazo spoke about the importance of the three instinctual triads and his work with Protoanalysis®, Integral Teachings, Trialectics, and self-actualization. (Oscar Ichazo (1998, 2021) Letters, The Ultimate Purpose of the Arica School Beyond Plagiarism and Misuse).

Impressed with what Naranjo learned from Ichazo’s presentation, he returned and shared Ichazo’s teachings with his cohorts: fellow scholars, professors, and spiritual seekers he knew from UC Berkeley and the Esalen Institute, California. These were progressive intellectuals who focused on social psychology, enlightenment, and self-actualization.

Naranjo discussed organizing a group to study with Ichazo in Arica, Chile, in 1970. One of these attendees was Marian Scott, who would later become an Arican. Katherine was able to interview Claudio Naranjo, and Ichazo's Authorized teachers: Marian Scott and Mark Sheehan.

Naranjo stated in 1996 that he was greatly impressed with Ichazo’s talk and his knowledge of Gurdjieff’s Enneagram. Naranjo studied “The Work” as proposed by Gurdjieff and viewed Ichazo as the next generation after Gurdjieff, one who could transmit the hidden meanings and insights of the Enneagram symbol.

According to a discussion Katherine had with Claudio Naranjo, Claudio first met Oscar Ichazo in 1969 in Santiago, Chile, at the Institute of Applied Psychology, then again on another occasion in Arica, Chile. This is when Claudio began to add his detailed knowledge of psychology to the Enneagram of Personality, in particular Gestalt therapy and Karen Horney’s work.

Naranjo returned to UC Berkeley and began to form, as stated to Katherine and the 77 other attendees, that he had many conversations with Ichazo in 1970, discussing both the spiritual and psychological aspects of the Enneagram and the 9 types.

1970
In April of 1970, Naranjo travels to Arica, Chile and asks Ichazo to be his teacher.
According to Naranjo, in April 1970, Claudio Naranjo approached Oscar Ichazo in Arica, Chile, seeking him as a spiritual mentor following the tragic death of Naranjo’s son. Ichazo agreed to take on the role of his teacher.

Naranjo found solace in diving deep into Ichazo’s work with fellow seekers as Ichazo's Spiritual School in Arica Chile.

Naranjo’s grief was alleviated to a significant extent as he gained profound insights.

1970
In July of 1970, Claudio Naranjo led the group of spiritually minded cohorts he had gathered from Berkeley and Esalen who became known as the North American Chile Peppers.

1970
Ichazo’s First Enneagram Training in Arica, Chile

1970
The 1st Dissemination of the Enneagram of Personality — Oscar Ichazo

On July 1, 1970 Oscar Ichazo began teaching his 10-month spiritual training in Arica, Chile that included 57 North Americans in Arica, Chile. Naranjo had carefully selected these 57 individuals from his colleagues and cohorts whom he knew from Berkeley and Esalen, two prominent institutions associated with humanistic psychology and personal growth. These attendees came to be known as the original “Chile Peppers.”

In this training, Ichazo introduced his process of working with the Enneagram Instinctual Triads, Protoanalysis®, Trialectics, and Dichotomies, along with spiritual traditions. He also expands on his Theory of Integral Philosophy.

The 10-month intensive training provided an opportunity for the participants to delve deeper into Ichazo’s teachings and gain a comprehensive understanding of the Enneagram system. Only 44 North Americans completed the 10-month training. It was a significant step in introducing the Enneagram to a broader audience, particularly in the United States, where Naranjo’s network of colleagues and cohorts resided. (Over the years, Ichazo added advanced concepts to his work, including his 40-day Training and his 2-week Domains of Consciousness Training). In addition, he taught a 5-day intensive every five years with new thoughts on the Enneagram and spirituality.

According to Marian Scott, Ichazo introduced his way of working with the Enneagram symbol, which he called Protoanalysis®, to enhance inner work and shed the ego’s fixated beliefs. In that first intensive, Ichazo guided the aspirants and students over a 10-month period in Arica, Chile, which included both spiritual and psychological processes. Each evening, Ichazo would give a lecture on a topic that included diverse spiritual traditions and delved into the Enneagram; they encountered the knowledge available to them during its early stages, assimilating these teachings into their own understanding.

1971
Naranjo returns to UC Berkeley
Naranjo reported that he only attended six months of the 10-month intensive in Chile. He explained that a conflict arose between him and his fellow “Chile Peppers.” According to Naranjo, Oscar Ichazo sent him to the Arican desert for 40 days without telling the other aspirants.

Naranjo said that Ichazo privately supported him while publicly chastising him. He believed that Ichazo did this to challenge Naranjo’s narcissism so he could move past his ego. Naranjo said that Ichazo wanted Naranjo to use his grief and social rejection by his cohorts as catalysts for enlightenment. Naranjo obeyed his teacher and left the group without telling anyone to begin his initiation, whereupon completion, Naranjo did in fact, experience a spiritual awakening.

When Naranjo was in the desert, Ichazo checked in on him but never told the others that he had instructed Naranjo to begin his initiation. Instead, Ichazo criticized Naranjo’s self-centered “Messiah” complex when speaking with the group.

When Naranjo returned to the group after 40 days, he was in an altered, more enlightened state and struggled with being grounded. His fellow Chile Peppers expressed anger at this lack of respect for the group process. They felt that he was not committed to their group and voted him out of the group, insisting that he leave.

Ichazo never told the participants that he had instructed Naranjo to go to the desert. Naranjo never revealed to anyone that Ichazo had asked him not to mention Ichazo’s instruction to go to the desert as part of his initiation until 1996.

Later, in 1996, in this first training in the US after almost 24 years, Naranjo willingly answered questions from those attending his 1996 SAT group in Boulder, Colorado. When Naranjo explained that Ichazo was his teacher, Katherine, to clarify the truth, asked why Ichazo, as his teacher, had called him a mythomaniac (as per Ichazo’s Letters to the School, which was published by Arica). Naranjo paused and then explained the details of what had transpired in December of 1970, saying no one had ever asked him that question before.

1971
Point of Interest:
In 1971, Katherine was in her second year of college when her mentor had a heart attack. To keep her mentor’s studio open to business, she rearranged her college coursework to hours that made it possible to be at the studio part of every day. Because of the early training she received from her mentor, the cosmetic industry professional training beginning at 16, and putting it to use while her mentor recovered, Katherine was qualified to work in advanced positions well beyond her years. These events, coupled with Katherine’s childhood of life lessons in leadership, independence, and autonomy from her type 8 father and a type 8 aunt, meant she was both confident and experienced. In addition, she was focused on psychology, cultural anthropology, and exploring personality systems and typologies.

1971
The 2nd Dissemination of the Enneagram of Personality — Claudio Naranjo, MD

Point of Interest Added Psychology, Personality Systems to the Types, and Began to Develop the 27 Subtype Archetypes Claudio Naranjo developed his view of the Enneagram personality types. He continued to combine Ichazo’s theories with his own knowledge of many psychological models, psychological studies, personal exploration, and integration of various spiritual teachings.

Naranjo was a proponent of the progressive theories taught in psychology at UC Berkeley and the Esalen Institute, Big Sur. He, along with other like-minded progressives, regularly gathered at these places. Naranjo frequently attended courses held at Esalen with Fritz Perls, the father of Gestalt Therapy.

According to Sterling Doughty, a resident of Big Sur in California and a regular participant in these courses, Esalen was considered the epicenter of the Human Potential Movement that arose out of the counterculture of the 1960s. It attracted teachers and students who were progressive during their time, including Richard Price, Joan Le-Brewer, and John Lilly.

Naranjo’s views aligned with the social and political movements of the time. He questioned traditional psychological theories, focusing instead on the psychological roots of social problems. Cognitive psychology, social psychology, and humanistic psychology were among the theories he explored, all of which emphasized the significance of social context and individual experiences in shaping behavior.

While some proponents still supported the idea of nature and nurture as separate influences, Naranjo was one of many who recognized that human behavior and development were the outcomes of complex interactions between genetic factors and environmental influences. This acknowledgment contributed to a more nuanced understanding of how nature and nurture jointly influenced human behavior.

1971
Arica Institute is incorporated
In the summer of 1971, after the initial dissemination of the Enneagram, Ichazo’s students founded and incorporated the Arica Spiritual School, Arica Institute, based on Ichazo’s groundbreaking work. In 1971, in October, Arica Institute was incorporated and held its first training in New York City.

1971
Naranjo begins teaching his Seekers After Truth (SAT) Groups
In 1971, after studying and collaborating with Ichazo from 1970, Naranjo taught the Enneagram in confidential study groups he called “Seekers After Truth” (SAT) in Berkeley, California. He continued these SAT groups for 18 months from 1971-1972.

Naranjo added the Psychological and Personality Systems - Filled in the descriptions of the 9 types with Personality Research such as Karen Horney, Sheldon’s Body Types, Erich Fromm, Alexander Lowen, etc. Over time, he added to this work, “including his early work with some ‘archetypes’ of the nine Enneagram Types. These later became Naranjo’s 27 Instinctual Subtypes.”

Naranjo changed Ichazo’s terms to honor his copyright: He instead used Gurdjieff’s terms that were already in the public domain:

Protoanalysis® became the "Enneagram." Instinctual Triads became the Centers of Intelligence. The Conservation Triad became the Gut Center. The Relation Triad became the Heart Center. The Syntony Triad (revised later to Adaptation) became the Head Center.

Naranjo also stated that “in 1972, after 18 months, I abruptly stopped teaching my SAT groups in the US to show my disapproval of those teaching the Enneagram and taking credit for Ichazo’s work with Protoanalysis, such as Helen Palmer, and my girlfriend Kathleen Speeth who at the time had attended my Seekers After Truth Groups (SAT) but had not complied with the confidentiality agreement (NDA) as we were dating. It was upsetting to me as I had honored Oscar’s preference for confidentiality.”

According to Naranjo, “After breaking up, Kathleen Speeth began to teach the Enneagram to people in Berkeley who passed the information around to others. Naranjo also stated “that Speeth taught my early work with the Instinctual Subtypes, but that, she did not give me attribution out of spite; and that I view her as a ‘woman scorned...’ because she gave attribution of the subtypes to Ichazo instead,” and was “misattributing my early contribution of the Subtypes work and misstating and misunderstanding some of their key teachings.

When Naranjo was answering questions in the course about the Enneagram, an attendee asked what Naranjo thought of Helen Palmer’s book The Enneagram and Don Riso’s book Personality Types. Naranjo replied, “Helen’s book was the more accurate of the two, as it plagiarized Ichazo’s work that I had taught in his SAT Groups.” The room was silent. When he spoke of Don’s book he said “that it was a fantasy.” In Don’s defense, Katherine could not help asking, “So, well, what was the ‘fantasy’?” Naranjo explained that, “a lot of Don’s descriptions had come from his imagination of what he thought the types were...”, “there is no integration and disintegration, so the model is flawed, and there are no nine discrete levels of emotional health.”

With the addition of Naranjo’s Subtypes and psychological terminology, Ichazo and Naranjo’s Enneagram teachings grew into similar but diverging schools of thought.

1972
The 3rd Dissemination of the Enneagram of Personality 1.0 — Jesuits
Father Robert J. Ochs, S.J.

Integration, Disintegration; Did not know or teach the evolving Subtypes
Another variation in the dissemination of the Enneagram occurred when Father Robert Ochs (January 22, 1930 – May 4, 2018), from Loyola University in Chicago, began teaching the Enneagram at Loyola.

Point of Interest:
In 1996, during Claudio Naranjo’s Seekers After Truth (SAT) Intensive, Katherine Chernick asked him about the different transmissions of the Enneagram of Personality and how they occurred. Naranjo stated that in 1971, he regularly visited his cohorts at Esalen in Big Sur, California. During one such visit, he met a Jesuit, Fr. Robert Ochs, who was on sabbatical. Naranjo explained the basics of Oscar Ichazo’s Protoanalysis and the Enneagram to Ochs.

Naranjo said that he had great respect for Jesuits as disciplined scholars who operate colleges and universities. Naranjo further explained that as a scholar himself, he was interested in learning what the Jesuit scholars would think of the Enneagram. So, as an experiment, Naranjo encouraged Ochs to teach the Enneagram types (without names) to his students at Loyola University in Chicago at the same time that Naranjo was teaching his first SAT groups in Berkeley, California.

Ochs focused on teaching from the short notes he had taken regarding Naranjo’s descriptions of the nine types. His notes subsequently ended up in the hands of many Enneagram enthusiasts because nothing was published about the Enneagram by Ichazo or Naranjo at the time. Ochs regularly called Naranjo to learn more details along the way.

Enneagram teachers and authors Patrick O’Leary and Jerome P. Wagner were among the first students to study with Ochs. One point of interest is that Don Riso did not study with Ochs but used Ochs’s notes to build his descriptions of the Enneagram Types. This third dissemination of the Enneagram became known as the “Jesuit” Transmission.

Misunderstandings in the History of the Enneagram of Personality

Confidentiality
Important Note: According to Naranjo, “Ochs had signed a confidentiality agreement (NDA) but did not keep to it when he became angered and frustrated with Naranjo for foregoing leading a group of Jesuits from Chicago by inviting instead, a ‘Fourth Way’ teacher, E.J. Gold to work with the group.”

Early Subtype Archetypes
Ochs did not include the Instinctual Subtypes in his teachings. This is because, in 1971, Naranjo did not teach his “Subtype” Theory. Naranjo stated that he was only just beginning to consider that there was a more “primitive” aspect of personality below Ichazo’s ego types.

Naranjo had hypothesized that placing a “primitive” version of each of Ichazo’s three “Instinctual Triads” (Centers of Intelligence) under each Enneagram type would create 27 distinct “Instinctual Subtypes” and that these sub-orientations could explain differences with those sharing the same type. His notion was that an individual had a type and a more “primitve” subtype.

According to Naranjo, Kathleen Riordan Speeth prematurely and incompletely disseminated his early musings on these combinations without permission. Naranjo added that Speeth had also signed an NDA and later attributed Naranjo’s work with Subtypes to Ichazo because of their breakup.

Later, this led to confusion when Helen Palmer learned about the Enneagram of Personality and Subtypes. She taught workshops and published her book The Enneagram in 1988 without giving attribution to Ichazo as the creator of the Enneagram of Personality and Naranjo as the creator of the Instinctual Subtypes.

East and West of the Great Divide
This primary difference and incomplete dissemination of the Enneagram knowledge became known as the “Great Divide,” with those “East of the Divide” (via Ochs, Loyola - Chicago) not knowing of the Instinctual Subtypes and those “West of the Divide” (via Naranjo, UC Berkeley - California) having the subtypes, and thus a richer and deeper understanding of the nuances of type.

Integration and Disintegration
A key distinction between Naranjo’s dissemination of the Enneagram and Ochs’s dissemination is the topic of “integration and disintegration.”

According to Naranjo in 1996, “Ochs was a participant in his 1971 SAT study group when Naranjo considered the idea of ‘integration and disintegration.’” However, Naranjo stated “that the same day of mentioning his idea, he corrected himself, saying he thoughtfully considered Ichazo’s theory of the Enneagram and his theory of Trialectics. Naranjo further stated that his (Naranjo’s’) proposition that the types ‘integrate or disintegrate’ would be a dialectic theory as an either-or, rather than a Trialectic theory, and no longer Ichazo’s Enneagram.” As a result, Naranjo never taught this idea in his SAT groups or intensives.

It is also important to note that Ichazo never taught Integration-Disintegration or Stress-Security either. This is because the lines and wing types are omnipresent and represent the dynamic aspects of the types. The Enneagram type is a result of the tension between the two wings. The interconnecting lines reveal the dynamic relationships within the type.

Naranjo, concerning the Movements between the Types and their Lines of Connection
Ochs continued to teach “integration and disintegration” even though Naranjo said, “He was misquoted and that it was an error.” Naranjo said that Ochs continued because he liked the concept of ‘sin and redemption.’ Naranjo publicly taught and documented that integration and disintegration, and stress and security, are both based on an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of his teachings of the types.” He stated that the types’ movements were along “both lines of connection,” both their “wing types” when integrating and disintegrating in their healthy, neutral, and unhealthy states.

These changes and differences created the 3rd Dissemination of the Enneagram of Personality.

The Emergence of 3 Enneagram Schools of Thought
Most Enneagram enthusiasts, scholars, and teachers do not know that there were and still are incomplete and inaccurate transmissions of the Enneagram. Many are unaware that they occurred in the first place and continue to circle the planet with the aid of the internet.

When Ochs misquoted an essential aspect of Naranjo’s Enneagram system, it significantly impacted the appreciation of the Enneagram by those who now have trouble typing themselves using the misinformation regarding the lines of connection.

Hopefully, the internet will rectify this misunderstanding just as it initially spread the error. Learning that the Enneagram types use both lines of connection under stress and stress-free conditions will undoubtedly improve one’s understanding of the types overall.

As a result, many Enneagram students and teachers remain unfamiliar with Ichazo’s Trifix and Naranjo’s Subtypes. Hence why, three very distinct schools of thought on the Enneagram (Ichazo 1970 Arica, Chile, Naranjo SAT groups 1971, Fr. Robert Ochs 1971) came into being.

What went Wrong? Why does it Matter?
According to Ichazo, his Enneagram theory is based on his theory of Trialectics. Ochs continued to teach ‘integration and disintegration’ as a formula for sin and redemption, working with the type’s fixation. Naranjo said that Ochs’s continuation of teaching that sin is the move to one line of connection and redemption the move to the other type “is based on a false premise that the types move to one line of connection when integrating and to the other when disintegrating.” According to Naranjo, Ochs’s focus on ‘sin and redemption, albeit incorrectly, would imply the Enneagram was dialectic when, in fact, Ichazo’s Enneagram is Trialectic.

Many of those who studied with Ochs went on to become teachers and did the same. Over time, this error exponentially spread misinformation about the types. According to Naranjo, this saddened him because it led to many mistypings’ and misunderstandings of the types.

1972
In 1972, Dr. John C. Lilly first published Center of the Cyclone based on his experiences in Arica with Ichazo and the other Chile Peppers.

In 1972, Oscar Ichazo added Fixations to the types, and these later became Ego types, Holy Ideas followed soon thereafter.

1973
Helen Palmer In 1973, Helen Palmer began teaching the Enneagram.

1974
Helen Palmer In 1974, Helen Palmer founded the Center for the Investigation and Training of Intuition (CITI).

Don Riso In 1974, Don Riso, as a Jesuit seminarian in Toronto, Canada, first learns the Enneagram from a Jesuit priest named Tad Dunne.

1975
Charles T. Tart In 1975, Charles T. Tart first published Transpersonal Psychologies. (Charles misattributed ‘Fixations’ as arising in 1970, whereas they only came about in 1972).

Kathleen Riordan Speeth Kathleen Speeth, raised in “The Work,” founded by G.I. Gurdjieff, and a participant in Naranjo’s SAT groups, taught the Enneagram of Personality to graduates of the Institute Transpersonal Psychology (ITP) (founded in 1975, now Sofia University).

1976
Point of Interest:
In 1976, Claudio Naranjo becomes a visiting professor at UC Santa Cruz and at the California Institute of Asian Studies (now California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS)).

In 1976, due to the Human Potential Movement the Spirituality Movement is at its zenith.

Helen Palmer In 1976, Helen Palmer stated that she began teaching the Enneagram to her Intuition Students in UC Berkeley.

Don Riso In 1976, Don Riso began writing about the Enneagram.

1978
In 1978, Kathleen Riordan Speeth taught her first public Enneagram class in Berkeley.

Helen Palmer In 1978, Helen began running panels by Enneagram Type.

1980
Tom Condon In 1980, Tom Condon - learns Carol Ericson Ericksonian Hypnosis at Santa Cruz. He discovers the Enneagram from notes passed around at UC Berkeley.

1982
In 1962, Oscar Ichazo first published Between Metaphysics & Protoanalysis: A Theory for Analyzing the Human Psyche.

1982
First Enneagram Book Sister Diane Myer In 1982, Sister Diane Myer first published Using the Enneagram: Paths to Self-Knowledge.

1984
Second Enneagram Book: The Enneagram — A Journey of Self Discovery Maria Beesing, Robert Nogosek, and Patrick O’Leary In 1984, Maria Beesing, Robert Nogosek, and Patrick O’Leary first published The Enneagram. The first to add the colors to the high side and low side of Type.

1985
Katherine Chernick is introduced to the Enneagram and begins researching and teaching it straightaway.

Point of interest:
Katherine first learned of the Enneagram of Personality in San Francisco, California, in 1985 while attending a course on symbols and their meanings.

During the course, the symbol of the Enneagram was introduced and discussed. When the instructor finished with what he knew about the symbol itself, he asked if anyone was familiar with the more recent teachings of the modern Enneagram. The woman seated to Katherine’s left raised her hand, and talked about the teachings of Oscar Ichazo and Claudio Naranjo.

Intrigued, Katherine spoke with her to learn more about the Enneagram of Personality. The woman had learned about the Enneagram from Kathleen Riordan Speeth in a year-long course while in graduate school at the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology in Menlo Park, California. She gave Katherine her manual and notes from Speeth’s training. Katherine was fortunate to meet someone trained in the Enneagram who was willing to teach her the fundamentals. At the time, only two books on the Enneagram were available, and they were hard to find if you weren’t in a course with the authors.

Katherine immediately added the Enneagram to her work with clients. Shortly after, she combined it with her knowledge of personality typologies and systems she had already studied. Simultaneously, she devised an Enneastyle questionnaire (a modified version of her work-related interviewing questionnaire), an Enneagram Type sorter, an Enneatypes at a glance, and an Instinctual Subtypes test.

1987
The 3rd Dissemination of the Enneagram of Personality 2.0 — Jesuits
Don Richard Riso M.A. Levels of Health (in 1999 adds Instinctual Variants, originally known as Subtypes)

1987
Don Riso In December 1987, Don Riso first published his book Personality Types. In it he adds the 9 Levels of Health.

Eli Jaxon-Bear In 1987, Eli Jaxon-Bear first published Healing the heart of suffering: Using the Enneagram for spiritual growth.

1988
Helen Palmer In January 1988, Helen Palmer first published her book The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life. Later, the Oral Tradition and the Panel Method were added. The Oral Tradition was then changed to the Narrative Tradition because, technically, it did not qualify as an “Oral Tradition.”

Point of Interest:
Helen Palmer had printed a paragraph on each Subtype in her book The Enneagram.

Oscar Ichazo In 1988, Oscar Ichazo published his Letters to the School.

1988
Don Riso and Russ Hudson meet. In 1988, Russ Hudson recognized the Enneagram symbol on Don Riso’s book Personality Types. Impressed with Don’s work, he called him, and they both met for the first time.

1990
In 1990, the Arica Institute sued Helen Palmer and Harper & Collins publishers for copyright infringement of Oscar Ichazo’s work with the Enneagram and Enneagons. The 1991 judgment declared that the Enneagram was already in the public domain.

Claudio Naranjo
In 1990, Claudio Naranjo first published his book Ennea-Type Structures: Self Analysis for the Seeker.

1991
In 1991, Fr. Richard Rohr and Andreas Ebert first published his book Discovering the Enneagram: An Ancient Tool for a New Spiritual Journey.

1991
Don Riso and Russ Hudson
In 1991, Russ Hudson began as Don Riso assistant. Don later said: “that he was impressed by Rusty’s knowledge and asked him to join him as a co-teacher.” Russ brought Gurdjieff’s “The Work” into the Enneagram. He and Don Riso first published in 1999: The Wisdom of the Enneagram. When Katherine was conducting her research on the ‘internal experiences of the type’, she learned much about the types and the subtypes. And she immensely enjoyed discussing it all with Rusty at great length. And he continues to be interested and very supportive of her work.

Suzanne Zuercher
In 1991, Suzanne Zuercher first published Enneagram Spirituality: From Compulsion to Contemplation

Kathleen Hurley and Ted Dobson (aka Theodorre Donson)
In 1991, Kathleen Hurley and Ted Dobson first published What’s My Type.

1992
Kathy Hurley and Ted Dobson (aka Theodorre Donson)
In 1992, Kathy Hurley and Ted Dobson first published their book My Best Self. Their seminal work with the “value of the Centers” and the Horneyan triads (based on Karen Horney’s Our Inner Conflicts) was very insightful.

In 1992, Katherine studied with Tom Condon (Ericksonian Hypnosis – the first working with the ‘Internal’ Enneagram to create change).

Katherine’s Teachings and the Start of Qualitative Research
In 1992, Katherine continued teaching the Enneagram and studying everything available to her. At this time, through the ‘Enneagram Educator,’ she added the teachings of Tom Condon and other teachers.

1993
First International Symposium on the Personality Enneagrams - 27 Subtypes
In December 1993, Naranjo taught at the First International Symposium on the Personality Enneagrams, held in Spain. The aim was to explore the Enneatypes and psychotherapy. For years he had been working with psychotherapists in groups on their self-development.

At this symposium, there were 200 psychotherapists in attendance. Due to this number, he included the exploration of the Instinctual Subtypes. At this event, he referenced the misquoting and inaccurate dissemination of the lines of connection. He opened the symposium with the following:

Point of Interest": Claudio Naranjo “A few days ago. I started thinking that it had to be something very special because it is the tenth anniversary of my work in the Latin world. I don’t know how many of you know that I only taught in the United States. for a year and a half. Then I decided not to continue, as an expression of disapproval toward some who regarded themselves to be endowed with the authority to write the first books about material that was not their own. Now the field is open, however, and I feel that our meeting signals the diffusion.”

Claudio Naranjo. Enneatypes in Psychotherapy
He also documented this error in his book Enneatypes in Psychotherapy (itself transcribed from the First International Symposium on the Personality Enneagrams, held in Spain in December 1993) and later in 1996 in his first Intensive in the US in Boulder, Colorado, after almost a 24-year absence, and once again, in a 2010 video when he was teaching the Enneagram in Germany.

1996
In 1996, Naranjo said he was misquoted in 1971 regarding the movement of the types and lines of connection within the Enneagram symbol. He said that this error went around the world and negatively impacted the understanding of the inner workings of the nine Enneagram Types.

He explained to those attending in Boulder, Colorado, that he did explore an idea regarding the arrows one evening with his SAT group but immediately, that same evening, saw that it was not viable. He went on to say that this was because it was a dialectic concept in nature and not Trialectic, which is what the Enneagram of Personality was based on.

Oscar Ichazo
It should also be pointed out that Ichazo never taught integration and disintegration to his students and aspirants either. Katherine was able to confirm that such a theory was not in Ichazo’s teachings and was substantiated in 2005 and again in 2019 by two teachers from Arica, Ichazo’s Spiritual School.

Ichazo’s authorized teachers, Marian Scott and Mark Sheehan were well acquainted with the history of Ichazo’s work, having taught Ichazo’s 40-day training, 2-week Domains of Consciousness training, and many other diverse workshops. One of these teachers, Marian Scott even attended Ichazo’s 1970 training in Arica, Chile.

Katherine states that she personally met and conversed with them about Ichazo’s work with the Enneagram of Personality during the year she lived on Maui from November 2004 to December 2005. That same year, she attended Ichazo’s 5-year Anniversary Intensive. To confirm important facts about Ichazo’s dissemination of the Enneagram of Personality, she communicated with them again via email in 2019 and 2020.

Katherine attended Naranjo’s 1996 training in Boulder, Colorado, and was present when he explained the misunderstanding of using the types’ lines of connection to that group of attendees. He emphasized that he never taught that the Enneagram Types move in one direction in security/integration and the other in stress/disintegration, nor do they become another type. He stressed that such a view would negate the intrinsic dynamics of the Enneagram system because every type constantly moves between the types on its lines of connection and to both wing types at all times.

When Katherine learned of this error and others in the dissemination of the Enneagram, she began teaching the correct use of the lines of connection and wings. She also shared this key information with her Enneagram colleagues in 1996.

1993
Dr. David Daniels
In 1993, David, an adjunct professor at Stanford University, led the effort to sponsor the first Enneagram Association Conference at Stanford University, becoming one of the founders of the International Enneagram Association (IEA).

1994
The 4th Dissemination of the Enneagram - Katherine Chernick Fauvre
Introduces 3Types, Tritype, Tricenter, Trigram, Instinctual Stackings, Instinctual Identifications, Instinctual Patterns

The First Enneagram Conference at Stanford University
Then, in 1994, Katherine attended the first Enneagram conference at Stanford University. At the conference, she met many Enneagram enthusiasts from all over the world. Being exposed to many people from different Enneagram schools of thought opened the door to a much more extensive mailing list and the ability to gather data on the ‘internal experiences’ of the types themselves. So began her formal research on the Enneagram types and Instinctual Subtypes.

1994
International Enneagram Association is formed
It was at this 1996 conference that the International Enneagram Association was formed.

1994
Claudio Naranjo
Claudio Naranjo first published his book Character & Neurosis: An Integrative View.

1994
Elizabeth Wagele and Renee Baron
Elizabeth and Renee published their first book The Enneagram made Easy. Elizabeth’s cartoons made the Enneagram easily accessible to children and teenagers, and Renee introduced MBTI®.

1994
Tom Condon
Tom first published The Enneagram Movie and Video Guide. He also incorporated Ericksonian Hypnosis, which is now known as NLP. With his mastery, he guided the nine types to the point of self-awareness, enabling a deeper understanding of their inner experience.

Stephen Wolinsky
Stephen Wolinsky first published The Tao of Chaos: Essence and the Enneagram.

1994
The Start of Katherine’s 1994 and Ongoing Qualitative Research
Katherine Horpel Chernick (Fauvre) - conducted her first Enneagram Qualitative Research Studies: Internal Experiences of Type – Core Fear of the Types, Enneastyle: The 9 Languages of Type, and A Study of Instinctual Types and Subtypes.

Katherine discovered 3Types™, TriCenter™, Trigram™, Tritype® Archetypes, Stackings, Identifications, and Proportions. She also discovered Instinctual Types and Subtypes, and Stereotypes, transition Countertypes and overt Countertypes, which Naranjo subsequently validated.

Katherine began teaching 3Types and Instinctual Subtype Stackings along with the rest of her Findings.

Since Katherine’s first research study in 1994, she has continued to work with and interview, collect, and evaluate tens of thousands of study participants’ test results. She has correlated the Enneastyle Questionnaire (EQ) responses with seven other testing instruments within their Enneagram Tritype® Test results.

This knowledge has remained a cornerstone of Katherine’s work regarding how to work with the Enneagram Type’s passions, fixations, convictions, preoccupations, core fears, idealized self-image, coping mechanisms, and defense strategies to bring about a compassionate acceptance of self, and a better understanding of one’s triggers. With this knowledge, participants can manage challenges better and understand their inner-growth path.

To this day, Katherine’s teachings include advanced work on all of her original research findings, Tritype® Instinctual Subtypes, Enneastyle Lexicon, and key nuances of each type lost in the transmissions of the Enneagram, diverse knowledge from each certification program, Naranjo’s advanced Subtypes and Ichazo’s addition of Trifix, as well as important corrections regarding inaccurate transmissions of the Enneagram.

Katherine Chernick’s 1994-1995 Qualitative Research Findings
These findings validated Naranjo’s Subtypes and, later, Ichazo’s Trifix, particularly the advanced theories they added after 1971.

Katherine’s first research findings on the ‘internal experience’ of the nine types and three Instinctual Types revealed many key distinctions and nuances of the types. This led to the creation of Tritype® Archetypes.

Especially meaningful about the initial studies and resulting findings of her 1994-1995 research studies, 3Types™, TriCenter™, Trigrams™, Truetype™, Enneastyle and the Instinctual Subtypes, is that they were conducted and evaluated before she even knew of Ichazo’s Trifix. This is because Oscar did not introduce Trifix until 1997.

Katherine also introduced to Naranjo the concept of each individual used a type from each Center and that they were in a stacking order. Before Katherine met Naranjo, she discovered some errors and transcrepencies in what was transmitted, of the Instinctual Subtypes, and she was pleasantly surprised or knew of his Subtype additions and subsequent corrections and additions to the Enneagram.

The Enneagram Types, Trifixes, Tritypes®, Instinctual Types, and Subtypes are observable and, with awareness, can be understood.

Therefore, Katherine found it extremely helpful to include Ichazo’s and Naranjo’s later views on the Enneagram. Adding the views, fears, and concerns of the nine types is deeply enriching, as revealed by the thousands of early study participants, along with the interviews that Katherine has done with tens of thousands of test-takers.

1994
Emergence of Tritype®
In 1994-1995, Katherine while conducting her first 500 Enneagram typing interviews, discovered that participants used three Enneagram Types, not just one. In 1994, she called this hierarchy of the types 3Types™, TriCenter™, Trigrams™, and Truetype™. These three types represented the dominant Enneagram type in each Center of Intelligence: heart (2,3,4), head (5,6,7), and gut (8,9,1). These three types used specific stacking orders. The most dominant type of the three types is the “core” Enneagram type. These results quickly expanded to 1,000 participants and were formally evaluated in 1995.

In 1995, Katherine Chernick (Fauvre) first published her books Enneastyle: The 9 Languages of the Enneagram

Types and Enneagram Instinctual Subtypes: The 3 drives that fuel the 9 Types; Self- Preserving, Social, and Sexual. The books resulted from her research seeking an understanding of the types’ internal experience.

1994
MBTI® and the Enneagram
It was also at this time that Katherine correlated the Enneagram with the MBTI® Personality Types and presented the correlations of the two systems to the Bay Area Association of Personality Types.

Archetypes and the Enneagram
Having learned the fundamentals of archetypes from psychology and visual archetypes from the fashion and cosmetic industry, Katherine further expanded her knowledge once she became acquainted with Larry Byram’s work Enlightened Relationships.

1995
Point of Interest:
Certifications from 3 Enneagram Schools
In 1995, after 10 years of teaching the Enneagram, Katherine certified with three different Enneagram Schools:

Helen Palmer-David Daniels: The Enneagram in the Narrative Tradition, formerly known as The Enneagram in the Oral Tradition

Don Riso-Russ Hudson: Enneagram Institute, and Kathleen Hurley-Ted Dobson (Theodorre Donson): The Enneagram Breakthrough Method Just before and while certifying, Katherine completed 4 of her 23 Enneagram studies on diverse aspects of the Enneagram: Internal Experience of the Types, Instinctual Subtypes, 3Types™, TriCenter™, Trigrams™ (Tritype®), and Core Fears.

In 1995, Katherine Chernick first publishes Enneastyle: The 9 Languages of Type, and first publishes A Study of Instinctual Types and Subtypes.

1995
San Mateo County Jail Katherine Chernick taught the Enneagram at San Mateo County Jail.

Eli Jaxon-Bear Katherine Chernick also attended a workshop with Eli Jaxon-Bear.

Point of Interest:
Application of Research Findings
From 1985 to 1996, Katherine taught the Enneagram to her clients, groups, and businesses in diverse secular and non-secular settings. She taught the Enneagram in executive board rooms, high school classrooms, and the San Mateo County Jail. She has also taught at colleges and universities, including the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS), Bay Area Association of Personality Types (BAAPT), the Department of Administration and the University of California at Santa Cruz, Human Resources, and Stanford University MBA Programs and RA Program, Charles Schwab, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Federal Reserve Bank of Los Angeles, Trial Attorneys, Santa Clara County, and San Mateo County Correctional Center and voir dire.

1995
Helen Palmer
In 1995, Helen Palmer publishes The Enneagram in Love and Work.

1995
Point of Interest:
Dr. David Daniels contacted Katherine Chernick who had studied with everyone to help him co-create a committee to organise the first International Enneagram conference be held in Chicago, Illinois. The conference committee invited the first authors of Enneagram books to the symposium. David Daniels aim was for everyone to agree to the same descriptions of the Enneagram Types. Katherine knew that it was too late for that (25 years too late ), but that it was feasible to find common denominators.

So each teacher or school of thought, presented their definition of a Type. Then there were panels on different facets of the Enneagram, one of which included the Instinctual Subtypes. It was during this panel, that it became clear that those who taught and included the instinctual subtypes had more distinctions and clarifications of the types than those that did not.

It was evident that combining the Instinctual Subtype and Type, could explain the look-a-likes and the atypical aspects of the Types.

The Core Fear of the Type when combined with the Core Fear of the Instinct produces a distinct and primitive focus of attention.

The Self-Preservation type focuses on aggressively going after their stuff, and holding, defending and protecting what they have. The Social type focuses on finding groups, managing the status-quo, and seeking safety and security in numbers. The Sexual type focuses on their other-half, closeness and pair-bonding.

Furthermore, the Sexual instinct is the ‘change element’ of each type. For example the adjectives explain these nuances:

Sx1: Zeal, jealousy, rivalry, heat.
Sx2: Conquest, aggression, seduction, assault.
Sx3: Gender roles, examples of masculine or feminine ideals. Sx4: Competition, hate, recklessness, claims position.
Sx5: Confidence, trust, naive expectation, supreme love. Sx6: Strength and beauty, provocative, counterphobia.
Sx7: Fascination, charmed-charmer, suggestability.
Sx8: Possession, surrender, magnetism, devotion.
Sx9: Union, merging, oneness, symbiosis.

The teachers and schools of thought that did not have Subtypes, added them to their teachings. The descriptions of the Types became more consistent.

1995
Enneagram Monthly launched Jack Labanauskas, Andrea Isaacs
In 1995 on the back of the Stanford Enneagram Conference, Jack Labanauskas and Andrea Isaacs launched The Enneagram Monthly, the only premier publication of its day, launched in March. It was the hub for all things Enneagram, interviewing all the main contributors, teachers, etc. It was also the first time that Enneagram enthusiasts could read about the different works and schools of thought.

1995
Eli Jaxon-Bear
Katherine studies with Eli Jaxon-Bear.

1996
Naranjo Remerges
His History with the Enneagram, Additions and Corrections

1996
EM Interviews Naranjo
Jack Labanauskas, an editor of the Enneagram Monthly, interviewed Naranjo about his history with the Enneagram and his upcoming SAT Intensive. During their conversation, Jack mentioned that the author of the article about Enneastyle: The 9 Languages of Enneagram Type would be in his intensive. Naranjo stated that he was impressed with Katherine’s research findings on the lexicon of the types that he recognized from his own experiences were accurate adjectives for the types.

Katherine's research revealed these commonly used words by each Type.

E1: A desire to be correct, avoid impropriety - apropos, standards, put-together, cultivated.
E2: A desire to be appealing, avoid immutability - expressive, glamour, beguiling, privileged.
E3: A desire to be praised, avoid second best - dress for success, dazzling, professional, wow factor.
E4: A desire to be unique, avoid commonplace - tasteful, elite, genteel, avant-garde, mysterious
E5: A desire to be invisible, avoid surplus - spartan, camouflage, academic,
E6: A desire to be uniform, avoid being different from peers - fraternal, conformist, provocative.
E7: A desire to be fascinating, avoid boredom - stylish, dashing, chic, eye-catching free-spirit.
E8: A desire to be impressive, avoid mediocre - dignified, majestic, camaraderie, intriguing, noble.
E9: A desire to be comfortable, avoid complication - simplicity, unassuming, sensual, informal, sporty.

Backstory

In April 1996, Katherine Chernick Fauvre attended a 10-day Enneagram Intensive taught by Claudio Naranjo in Boulder, Colorado, USA. This event was the first time he taught the Enneagram in the US since 1972, after an absence of almost 24 years. Naranjo said it was the first time he had taught the Enneagram as a full intensive.

As requested by Naranjo, Katherine provided her research A Study of the Instinctual Types and Subtypes: Self-Preserving, Social, and Sexual, and her book The Enneagram Instinctual Types and Subtypes to Naranjo on the first day of the event.

Point of Interest:
Naranjo Validated Katherine Subtype Research Findings
Naranjo said he was pleasantly surprised that Katherine’s research attributed him as the creator and source of the instinctual subtypes. He was also pleased that her research confirmed his hypothesis of the instinctual subtypes and agreed with Katherine’s findings of the Lexicon and vocabulary of the Enneagram types and instincts and countertypes of each Type.

Naranjo the next day, buoyed by the validation of his hypothesis of the instinctual subtypes he decided to change his course to include the subtypes and to incorporate Katherine research findings into his subtype teachings.

Katherine found Naranjo’s course eye-opening and filled in many important gaps in her understanding of the Enneagram Types. She learned many additional things about the types that had been lost in the transmission of the Enneagram or incorrectly assigned to other types. And that these errors, whether great or small, altered the dissemination of the Enneagram as initially taught by Ichazo in 1970, Naranjo in 1971, and others thereafter.

Naranjo’s different teachings made great sense to Katherine, as they confirmed her research findings and the many personality typologies she had used with thousands of people in her earlier career.

Correlations
By 1996, Katherine had researched, discovered, and correlated the Idealized Images, Core Fears, and Defense Strategies from her earlier research work with the 9 Enneagram Types.

In addition, she conducted three qualitative studies : The ‘internal experience’ of the nine Enneagram types.

The idealized images and core fears of the Types and Subtypes

The Enneagram Three Instinctual Types, and their 27 Subtypes. She had also written two books: Enneastyle: The 9 Languages of Enneagram Types.

A Study of the Instinctual Subtypes: Self-Preserving, Social, and Sexual.

As a result of these first studies, Katherine confirmed that each type moved along both of its lines of connection when secure, calm, and healthy and both of its lines when troubled, stressed, and unhealthy. This is when Naranjo confirmed that her research was accurate and that he had been misquoted by Fr Robert Ochs.

This movement also applied to each type’s two wing types and was confirmed with participants regardless of how accurately typed or not.

It was one way to see their “Truetype™” (correct Enneagram Type, Tritype®, Instinctual Type, and Subtype). Naranjo’s hypothesis and 1996 teachings of the 27 Subtypes validated what the study participants had said about themselves.

1995
Katherine introduces: The Spiral Unfolding of the 27 Tritypes®.

1996
The First International Enneagram Association (IEA) Conference in Chicago, Illinois
In the summer of 1996, the IEA held its first conference.

1996
Oscar Ichazo is interviewed by Enneagram Monthly
In the summer of 1996, Jack and Andrea of the Enneagram Monthly traveled to the island of Maui in the Hawaiian Islands to interview Oscar Ichazo. During this interview, Ichazo introduced his theory of Trifix, that individuals use three fixations (mental preoccupations and fixed beliefs) and began to tell some students about their Trifix, and that people used three fixations, not just one.

Don Riso with Russ Hudson
In 1996, Personality Types was updated and revised.

Point of Interest:
David Fauvre
In August of 1996, Katherine Chernick Fauvre met David Fauvre, a Riso-Hudson certified teacher. Shortly thereafter they began collaborating on Enneagram projects. They were a teaching team from October of 1996 to November of 2014.

1996
Jerry Wagner
In 1996, Jerome P. Wagner first published The Enneagram Spectrum of Personality Styles.

In 1996, Katherine Chernick Fauvre joins the board of directors for the International Enneagram Association.

1997
EnneaChat
In January 1997, the first online Enneagram event, ‘EnneaChat,’ brought the Enneagram community together. The format was ‘typed’ (sic). The first guests were Don Riso and Russ Hudson, Tom Condon, Kathy Hurley and Ted Dobson, and Michael J. Goldberg. Interview questions were asked, and the responses were typed by those interviewed. Enneagram.net hosted the events and later went on to host Enneagram.net TV.

1997
IEA Conference Baltimore, Maryland
In 1997, Katherine Chernick Fauvre taught her 1994-1995 research findings on A Study of the Instinctual Types and Subtypes at the IEA Conference in Baltimore, Maryland.

In 1997, Oscar Ichazo added Trifix to his teachings. The Arica Institute began teaching a one-day training on advanced fixations and auto-diagnosis. Trifix Analysis Day was presented to review Trifix across the Mentational Questionnaire.

In 1997, Katherine Chernick Fauvre studied with Stephen Wolinsky.

1997
Armando Molina
In 1997, Armando Molina first published Our Ways.

1998
A.H. Almas
In 1998, A.H. Almas first published Facets of Unity: The Enneagram of Holy Ideas.

1998
IEA Conference Denver
In 1998, Katherine Chernick Fauvre taught a 3-hour session on Instinctual Types and Subtypes.

Katherine presents her Enneagram Instinctual Types and Subtypes and Intimacy Research (Ruderman and Snyder). She presented her Findings at the 1998 Meeting with the Enneagram Teachers in the Oral Tradition, Asilomar.

1999
IEA Conference Toronto

Don Riso, Russ Hudson In 1999, Don and Russ first published The Wisdom of the Enneagram.

2000
Kathleen Hurley and Theodorre Donson
Published Discover Your Soul Potential.

2001
Sandra Maitri
In 2001, Sandra first published The Spiritual Dimension of the Enneagram: Nine Faces of the Soul.

Richard Rohr and Adreas Ebert
In 2001, Fr. Richard Rohr and Andreas Ebert first published The Enneagram: A Christian Perspective.

2003
IEA Long Beach Conference, California
Naranjo taught the Enneagram at IEA.

2004
IEA Washington DC Conference
Naranjo taught Subtypes.

2004
Ginger Lapid-Bogda
First published Bringing Out the Best in Yourself at Work: How to Use the Enneagram System for Success.

2005
In 2005, Katherine Chernick Fauvre and David Fauvre taught the Enneagram on Maui. Mark Sheehan and his team of realtors attend. Mark then introduces Katherine and David to his Arican co-teacher: Marian Scott.

2005
Ichazo’s Reunion Intensive David and Katherine attend Ichazo's Intensive
While living on Maui in the Hawaiian Islands, Katherine via Mark, attended Ichazo’s 5-day Intensive Reunion in Kihei, Maui.

Point of Interest:
She was impressed with Ichazo’s intellect and charisma. At this time, she also confirmed that Oscar Ichazo did not teach the subtypes. Only some of the Aricans knew of Trifix or knew how to apply it.

2005
Katherine Chernick Fauvre conducted research on Instinctual Types, Enneagram, and Spirituality.

2008
Ted Dobson aka Theodorre Donson dies.

2009
Dr. David Daniels
In 2009, Dr. David Daniels published The Essential Enneagram.

2010
Katherine Chernick Fauvre published 27 Tritype® Revealed with David Fauvre in 2010.

Claudio Naranjo
In 2010 Naranjo taught a SAT Group in Germany and further documented the error of ‘Integration and Disintegration.’

2012
Claudio Naranjo
In 2012, Naranjo’s Subtype book was first published in Spanish 27 Personajes en Busca del Ser.

IEA Journal Katherine Chernick Fauvre and David Fauvre
Published and article Exploring Tritype® Theory and Practice.

2012
Don Richard Riso dies.
Great loss of the creator of the Enneagram Levels of Development.

2014
Katherine Chernick Fauvre conducted the Enneagram Type, Tritype® Instinctual Type and MBTI® Research Study.

2014
Enneagram Prison Project
Katherine Chernick taught the Enneagram at San Mateo County Jail.

2015
In 2015, Katherine Chernick Fauvre published her Enneagram Lexicon Research.

2017
Dr. David Daniels dies. This was a great loss as he was a true maverick in the field of Psychiatry. He was one of the first to view therapy as equally important as medications.

2018
Oscar Ichazo
The Nine Constituents, by Oscar Ichazo, was published. It had five paragraphs on the concept of Trifix, the use of the three “mental fixations” of the types in an individual’s Trifix. This confirmed that Tritype® and Trifix both recognize that individuals use all three centers of intelligence (triads).

David Daniels and Suzanne Dion
Dr. David Daniels and Suzanne Dion book is published: The Enneagram, Relationships, and Intimacy.

2019
Claudio Naranjo dies.
Another great loss. Naranjo added the psychological details to the Enneagram Types and was the sole creator of the Instinctual Subtypes.

2020
Oscar Ichazo dies.
A deep loss as well. The sole Creator of The Enneagram of Personality, philosopher of Integral Theory with a broad spiritual perspective, and Founder of The Arica Institute.

2020
The Enneagram Tritype® Test v8
Katherine Chernick Fauvre introduced the Enneagram Tritype® Test v8 (ETTv8) in 2020. It combined ten testing instruments into one, and is uniquely designed to detect patterns utilized by Enneagram Types. It reduced mistyping by identifying if the test-taker may have misinterpreted their behaviors for their motivations and defense strategies. This was particularly helpful for Type 6 and Type 9.

2021
Helen Palmer retired.
Helen was a progressive teacher of the Enneagram.

2021
Katherine Chernick Fauvre launched her EQ2 Research Study: Enneagram, Empathy, and Archetype Research.

2023
Katherine conducted The 9 Enneagram Types and the 16 Personality Types (Myers-Briggs Types) Research Study with Joyce Meng.

Katherine Teaches Tristar: The Mathematical Unfolding of the 27 Tritypes®.

2024
Katherine Chernick Fauvre published Enneagram Instinctual Subtypes 2.0.

Coming in 2024: The Definitive Enneagram: Types, Tritypes®, Instincts, and Subtypes Enneagram Tritype Advantage 2.0: Advanced Tritype®: Strengths, Struggles, and Strategies Enneastyle: The 9 Languages of Enneagram Type (Reprint)

Conclusion

In conclusion, the history and transmission of the Enneagram of Personality reflect a dynamic and evolving journey, shaped by the contributions of countless individuals and influenced by a multitude of factors. Through diligent study, dedicated practice, and a commitment to authenticity, the Enneagram continues to serve as a valuable tool for self-discovery, personal growth, and spiritual development.

For full history of who did what, when, and why go to: https://www.katherinefauvre.com/indepth-history-of-enneagram © 1995-2024 Katherine Chernick Fauvre